This course explores the types and general characteristics of soil, along with the physical, chemical, biotic, and abiotic factors that influence soil formation and the distribution of microorganisms. It examines microbial activities in soil and water, including their roles in nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning. Students will learn about water purification and sewage treatment processes, as well as techniques for the microbiological examination of soil and water samples. The course also highlights the economic significance of soil and aquatic microorganisms, emphasizing their applications in agriculture, industry, and environmental management.