The Biochemistry-1 course (5 credit hours for second year students in the 5th semester) focuses on the structure and biological functions of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleotides, vitamins, enzymes, isozymes, and cell membranes. The course discusses the regulation and inhibition of enzyme activities and diseases produced by vitamin deficiencies.  The course illustrates the structure and function of nucleic acids and different steps of DNA replication and repair, transcription, genetic code, mutation, protein biosynthesis, regulation of gene expression, and recombinant DNA technologies. Finally, the course describes the meaning of bioenergetics, oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport chain and its inhibitors, and mechanism of action of uncouplers.