This course is intended to help the students to gain the basic knowledge about chromosome structure, organization and function. The course discusses the patterns of inheritance and explains the types of mutations and their effect. The course illustrates clinical features of common chromosomal abnormalities and describes cytogenetic diagnostic techniques and their applications to genetic disorders. The course focuses on how constitutional and acquired genetic alterations can lead to the development of malignant neoplasms and the course also, summarize conventional approaches for treatment of genetic diseases and the general status of gene-based therapies.