This course aims to demonstrate the important role of microorganisms in the study of genetics by exploring their genetic mechanisms at both the molecular and organismal levels. It focuses on how microorganisms serve as model systems for understanding fundamental genetic processes such as mutation, recombination, and gene expression. Additionally, the course highlights the vital role of microorganisms in genetic engineering and biotechnology, emphasizing their applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry for the development of new products, technologies, and scientific advancements.